To perform any breeding work on seed, determination of its life ability amount via germination test is very important. In general, biotechnical tests present rapid methods for evaluating viability of seed samples and specificalty to assess non-germinable seeds which seems to be dormant through the measurement of weak or dead tissue. Tetrazolium test is the most common of these tests. This study aims to optimize Tetrazolium test conditions including concentration, temperature and storage time on seeds inFagus orientalis. Factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design in three replications. the results of this experiment was compared with the obtained results from embryo culture test (in MS medium) for evaluating the best condition of Tetrazolium. Soaking treatment of seeds for 18 h at 30°C in a solution of 0.5% Tetrazolium test results with the greatest similarity to embryos cultured was selected as suitable treatment for germination test using Tetrazolium protocol inFagus orientalis.

To evaluate the application of the image processing method (RGB and Lab methods) compared to the visual evaluation method for determining the seed viability or stainability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) using Tetrazolium test, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Mechanical and Biosystems Engineering of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University in 2019. The experimental factors included methods for determining seed stainability (visual assessment, RGB, and Lab methods), two plant species (wheat and winter vetch), physical stratification (cross cutting, longitudinal cutting, sanding, needling, and control), and duration of exposure to Tetrazolium (10 and 24 hours). The results showed that the stainability of seeds exposed to Tetrazolium for 24 hours was higher than those exposed for 10 hours. The highest stainability of seeds was observed in the longitudinal cutting treatment for both wheat and hairy vetch species in the all three determining seed stainability methods. The RGB and Lab methods showed the highest stainability percentage for wheat and hairy vetch seeds, respectively, where the seeds were cut longitudinally. Therefore, the RGB and Lab image processing technique can be used as a fast, precise, and new method for determining the seed viability of crops and weeds through the Tetrazolium test.

One of the most important problems of strawberry cultivation in temperate regions is winter cold injuries. Current study investigated impacts of foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) at 0, 0. 5, 1, 2 and 4 mM concentrations on the cold hardiness of strawberry. The plants were divided into two groups: one group for evaluation of cold hardiness at temperatures of-6,-9,-12,-15 and-18 ° C; and the other for study of some biochemical characteristics. Results showed that GB treatment increased soluble carbohydrate and proline concentrations in both leaf and crown tissues, total protein concentration in leaf, and relative water content in leaf as compared to those in control. Based on LT50 calculated from electrolyte leakage and Tetrazolium staining test, the GB application increased cold hardiness in strawberry plant based on its concentration. The highest cold hardiness was found in the 2 mM GB concentration based on electrolyte leakage and Tetrazolium staining tests at-13. 3 and-15. 3 ° C. Meanwhile, the lowest values of cold hardiness were observed in the control treatments based on electrolyte leakage and Tetrazolium staining tests at-10. 2 and-11. 0 ° C. Significant correlations were found between soluble carbohydrate and proline concentrations in leaf and crown, and total protein concentration with LT50 calculated from electrolyte leakage and Tetrazolium staining test. We conclude that application of 2 mM GB has the capacity to increase the freezing tolerance of strawberry and could be used as a prophylactic tool to reduce winter cold injury.

Apermanent anti-graffiti clear polyurethane coating, using a silicone addi- tive, was prepared and studied. Various techniques, such as contact angle measurements and EDX were employed to characterize and investigate the surface properties of the coatings. The results revealed that with inclusion of silicon additive to clear coating, according to Wu method, surface free energy was decreased from 45.13 mJ/m2 for neat clear polyurethane film to 25.25 mJ/m2 in a coating containing 5% additive. With inclusion of higher mole percentage of additive, surface energies remained constant as revealed by EDX technique, which was considered to be due to the excessively covered surface by silicone additive.Ageing under UV radiation revealed that the inclusion of additive up to 5 mole percentage could improve the anti-graffiti property during the first few aging cycles. However, by increasing the number of aging cycles and higher concentration of silicone additive, the rate of degradation in coatings increased. The results showed that PU5% has the best anti-graffiti and ageing properties among other compositions.

Even though Tb prevalence has been reducing from past up to now. How ever this disease one of the four most problem for developing societies. Difficulties in early and accurate diagnosis probably contributed to Tb pericarditis and may delay diagnosis and therapy or lead to antituberculous chemotherapy for idiopathic pericarditis. So in this report we studied patients in whom a diagnosis of Tb pericarditis was made by following Adenosin Deaminase activity and the other procedures. We now report our experience in a descriptive group of 60 case(37 men,23 women),aged 12 to 76 admitted to the hospital for acute pericardial disease.The diagnosis of Tb pericarditis was made by the following studies: Culture on L-j medium, Ziehlneelsen staining, measurement of ADA of pericardial fluid and biopsy of that.We resulted 26 cases with Tb pericarditis. The result of histology was with 100% specificity and 46% sensitivity. The staining was with 23% sensitivity and concluded that ADA the sensitivity of ADA was 100% and it's specifity was 77%. We test is a good screening test for Tb pericarditis.

Introduction: Semen analysis including sperm count, progressive and non-progressive motility, and normal morphology of spermatozoa of ejaculates from infertile men are important. In general, assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are chosen according to the semen parameters. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate semen parameters with application of one quick, standard, and inexpensive methodology. In some ART laboratories in Iran, the aforementioned analysis is done using traditional methodology such as wet preparation (microscopic slide technique) which can mislead the infertile couple. As a result, the infertile couple may not fully benefit from the treatment outcome. The objective of this prospective study was to compare the two techniques of Wet preparation and Makler - staining for analysis of semen parameters. Materials & Methods: The three parameters of count, morphology and motility of spermatozoa along with round cells of ejaculates from 50 men attending the infertility treatment program were evaluated. Following macroscopic evaluation, each seminal sample was evaluated with two different techniques of Wet and Makler - staining in a blind setting. For wet slide, semen parameters as well as round cells were studied. However, for Makler technique, Makler chamber was used for evaluation of percentage of motility and sperm count. In addition, Geimsa (WHO) staining was applied for evaluation of sperm morphology and round cells. The results showed that the volume, PH and viscosity of semen were within normal range of WHO. Results: The difference in the mean sperm count & percentage of motility was statistically insignificant. However, the sperm morpology was significantly different in the aformentioned groups (P=0.001). Also, the mean number of round cells in both groups was different (P=0.002). A total of one and nine seminal specimens were clear from round cells in Wet and Makler groups, respectively. The results showed that most variation was related to sperm morphology. For example, 5 seminal samples were abnormal in the wet method, while 32 ejaculates were abnormal in the Makler group. Conclusion: Sperm morphology' and round cells should be evaluated with more attention. Sperm morphology plays an important role in ART methodology and therefore should be counted and detected in full. It should be noted that Wet preparation technique may be used for evaluation of concentration and motility if Makler chamber is unavailable at ART laboratories.    

Background and Aim: Diagnosis of dental caries with Diagnodent device has been found to be comparable to visual and radiographic diagnostic methods. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Aging, staining, and Bleaching on Diagnodent readings in composite resin restorations.Materials and Methods: This was an experimental in vitro study in which 108 disk-shaped specimens were fabricated from 6 different composite resins including: 3 M p60, Kerr point 4, Vivadent Heliomolar, Ultradent flow, Tetric flow and Kerr flow. The samples were divided into 3 groups. Group 1was aged in water, group 2 was stained with tea and group 3 was bleached with 16% Carbamide peroxide. Specimen Fluorescence was measured with Diagnodent (Kavo- U.S) before and after these treatments. Data were analyzed using mixed repeated Measure Model ANOVA.Results: This study was performed on 108 composite resin specimens. All samples aged in water showed higher reading values; only Tetric flow exhibited a lower mean value (P<0.001). All samples stained with tea showed higher readings(P<0.001) and all materials bleached with 16% Carbamide peroxide were reported to have lower values; only Kerr flow exhibited a higher mean value than basic situation.Conclusion: The results indicate that aging and staining can result in an increase in the Diagnodent readings of the composite resin restorations while bleaching lead to a decreased the readings. However, the reported differences in Diagnodent readings were not significant enough to result in a false positive diagnosis of caries.

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in Iran and human brucellosis is endemic in all parts of the country. Growth of Brucella is slow and blood culture of these bacteria by use of classical methods is time-consuming. Furthermore, in endemic area culture is required for definitive diagnosis. In the present study, direct urease test and acridine orange staining were tried on the BACTEC blood culture broths for early presumptive identification of Brucella growth. Blood cultures were attempted in 102 seropositive patients. In the forty one blood cultures positive for Brucella, coccobacilli were seen in broth smears stained with acridine orange stain, and also were urease test positive, thus providing presumptive identification of Brucella growth. Urease test was negative and bacteria were not seen in the broth smears of the remaining 61 broths negative for Brucella growth. Because of simplicity, reliability and reproducibility, these tests can be routinely incorporated in the laboratory for diagnosis of brucellosis.

The possibility of application of 4-nitrocatechol (4-NC) - Tetrazolium salt -organic solvent systems for liquid-liquid extraction-spectrophotometric vanadium (IV and V) speciation was studied. Six commercially available Tetrazolium salts (2, 3, 5-triphenylTetrazolium chloride (TTC), 3- (2-naphtyl) -2, 5-diphenylTetrazolium chloride (Tetrazolium Violet, TV); 3- (4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazol) -2, 5-diphenylTetrazolium bromide (Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium, MTT), 2- (4-iodophenyl) -3- (4-nitrophenyl) -5-phenylTetrazolium chloride (INT), 3, 3’- (4, 4’-biphenylene) bis (2, 5-diphenylTetrazolium) chloride (NeoTetrazolium chloride, NTC) and 3, 3’- [3, 3’-Dimetoxy (1, 1’-biphenyl) -4, 4’-diyl] bis (2, 5-diphenylTetrazolium) chloride (Blue Tetrazolium chloride, BTC)) and three organic solvents (chloroform, 1, 2-dichloroethane, 1-butanol) were tested in this study. The best results were obtained with MTT and chloroform. A direct, very simple, fast and sensitive procedure for vanadium (IV and V) speciation based on the spectral differences of the extracted ternary complexes of V (IV) and V (V) was developed. It was found that the optimization of the MTT to 4-NC ratio has a key role in the speciation results. At deficiency of 4-NC towards MTT the vanadium (IV) complex absorbed light at 390 and 570 nm, while the V (V) complex absorbed only at 390 nm. The corresponding molar absorptivities were calculated to be eV (IV) 390=3.6 ´ 104 L mol-1 cm-1,  eV (IV) 570 =1.7 ´ 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and eV (V) 390=3.1 ´ 104 L mol-1 cm-1. The method was applied for vanadium (IV and V) speciation in industrial samples with low Fe and Al content (catalyst for oxidation of SO2) and good results were obtained in terms of precision and accuracy.